7. Implicit submission to superiors - Its effects on the on the moral character It becomes a subject yet more serious if military obedience requires the relinquishment of our moral agency – if it requires us to do, not only what may be opposed to our wills, but also what is opposed to our consciences. And it does require this.

8. Resignation of moral agency I do not know, indeed, under what circumstances of responsibility a man supposes himself to be placed, who thus abandons and violates his own sense of rectitude and of his duties. Either he is responsible for his actions or he is not, and the question is a serious one to determine: Christianity has certainly never

9. Military power despotic No one questions whether military power is arbitrary. “ That which governs an army ,” says Paley, “ is despotism ,” and the subjects of despotic power we call slaves . Yet a man may live under an arbitrary prince with only the liability to slavery. He may live and die, unmolested in his person and

10. Peculiar contagiousness of military depravity Everyone knows that vice is contagious : The depravity of one man always has a tendency to deprave his neighbours; and it therefore requires no unusual acuity to discover that the prodigious mass of immorality and crime, which are accumulated by a war, must have a powerful effect in “ demoralizing ” the public.

11. Animosity of party – Spirit of resentment I do not think that those who feel an interest in the virtue and the happiness of the world will regard the animosity of party and the restlessness of resentment that are produced by a war as trifling evils: If anything is opposite to Christianity, it is retaliation and revenge. In the

12. Privateering – Its peculiar atrocity There is one mode of hostility that is allowed and encouraged by war that appears to be distinguished by peculiar atrocity: I mean privateering. If war could be shown to be necessary or right, I think this, at least, would be indefensible. It would surely be enough that army slaughtered army, and that fleet

13. Mercenaries – Loan of armies We often hear, during a war, of subsidies from one nation to another for the loan of an army; and we hear of this without any emotion, except perhaps of joy at the greater probability of triumph, or of anger that our money is expended. Yet, surely, if we contemplate such a bargain for

14. Prayers for the success of war It is the custom, during the continuance of a war, to offer public prayers for the success of our arms; and our enemies pray also for the success of theirs. I will acknowledge that this practice appears to me to be eminently shocking and profane: The idea of two communities of Christians, separated

15. The duty of a subject who believes that all war is incompatible with Christianity It will perhaps be asked, “ What then are the duties of a subject who believes that all war is incompatible with his religion, but whose governors engage in a war and demand his service? ” We answer explicitly, “ It is his duty, mildly